Dose verification based on proton-induced positron emitters is a promising quality assurance tool and may leverage the strength of artificial intelligence. To move a step closer towards practical application, the sensitivity analysis of two factors needs to be performed: biological washout and depth selection. selection. A bi-directional recurrent neural network (RNN) model was developed. The training dataset was generated based upon a CT image-based phantom (abdomen region) and multiple beam energies/pathways, using Monte-Carlo simulation (1 mm spatial resolution, no biological washout). For the modeling of biological washout, a simplified analytical model was applied to change raw activity profiles over a period of 5 minutes, incorporating both physical decay and biological washout. For the study of depth selection (a challenge linked to multi field/angle irradiation), truncations were applied at different window lengths (100, 125, 150 mm) to raw activity profiles. Finally, the performance of a worst-case scenario was examined by combining both factors (depth selection: 125 mm, biological washout: 5 mins). The accuracy was quantitatively evaluated in terms of range uncertainty, mean absolute error (MAE) and mean relative errors (MRE). Our proposed AI framework shows good immunity to the perturbation associated with two factors. The detection of proton-induced positron emitters, combined with machine learning, has great potential to implement online patient-specific verification in proton therapy.

常规作品通常采用两阶段模型，其中生成器选择最重要的部分，然后是根据所选零件进行预测的预测因子。但是，这样的两相模型可能会引起变性问题，其中预测变量过度适合尚未训练的发电机生成的噪声，然后导致发电机收敛到倾向于选择无意义的碎片的亚最佳模型。为了应对这一挑战，我们提出了折叠的合理化（FR），将理由模型的两个阶段折叠成一个文本语义提取的角度。FR的关键思想是在发电机和预测器之间采用统一的编码器，基于FR可以通过访问传统两相模型中发电机阻止的有价值的信息来促进更好的预测指标，从而带来更好的生成器。从经验上讲，我们表明，与最先进的方法相比，FR将F1得分提高了10.3％。

在联合优化的设置中，在周期性地聚合全局模型的情况下，当参与者通过完全利用其计算资源进行模型训练时，将发生步骤异步。很好地承认，在非i.i.d下，STEP异步导致客观不一致。数据，降低了模型精度。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种新的算法\ texttt {fedagrac}，它将本地方向校准到预测的全球方向。采取估计取向的优势，我们保证，聚合模型不会过度偏离预期的方向，同时充分利用更快的节点的本地更新。理论上，我们证明\ texttt {fedagrac}保持比最先进的方法的收敛速度提高，并消除了步骤异步的负效应。经验结果表明，我们的算法加速了培训并增强了最终的准确性。

近年来，个性化联邦学习（PFL）引起了越来越关注其在客户之间处理统计异质性的潜力。然而，最先进的PFL方法依赖于服务器端的模型参数聚合，这需要所有模型具有相同的结构和大小，因此限制了应用程序以实现更多异构场景。要处理此类模型限制，我们利用异构模型设置的潜力，并提出了一种新颖的培训框架，为不同客户使用个性化模型。具体而言，我们将原始PFL中的聚合过程分为个性化组知识转移训练算法，即KT-PFL，这使得每个客户端能够在服务器端维护个性化软预测以指导其他人的本地培训。 KT-PFL通过使用知识系数矩阵的所有本地软预测的线性组合更新每个客户端的个性化软预测，这可以自适应地加强拥有类似数据分布的客户端之间的协作。此外，为了量化每个客户对他人的个性化培训的贡献，知识系数矩阵是参数化的，以便可以与模型同时培训。知识系数矩阵和模型参数在每轮梯度下降方式之后的每一轮中可替代地更新。在不同的设置（异构模型和数据分布）下进行各种数据集（EMNIST，Fashion \ _Mnist，CIFAR-10）的广泛实验。据证明，所提出的框架是第一个通过参数化群体知识转移实现个性化模型培训的联邦学习范例，同时实现与最先进的算法比较的显着性能增益。

Contour-based instance segmentation methods include one-stage and multi-stage schemes. These approaches achieve remarkable performance. However, they have to define plenty of points to segment precise masks, which leads to high complexity. We follow this issue and present a single-shot method, called \textbf{VeinMask}, for achieving competitive performance in low design complexity. Concretely, we observe that the leaf locates coarse margins via major veins and grows minor veins to refine twisty parts, which makes it possible to cover any objects accurately. Meanwhile, major and minor veins share the same growth mode, which avoids modeling them separately and ensures model simplicity. Considering the superiorities above, we propose VeinMask to formulate the instance segmentation problem as the simulation of the vein growth process and to predict the major and minor veins in polar coordinates. Besides, centroidness is introduced for instance segmentation tasks to help suppress low-quality instances. Furthermore, a surroundings cross-correlation sensitive (SCCS) module is designed to enhance the feature expression by utilizing the surroundings of each pixel. Additionally, a Residual IoU (R-IoU) loss is formulated to supervise the regression tasks of major and minor veins effectively. Experiments demonstrate that VeinMask performs much better than other contour-based methods in low design complexity. Particularly, our method outperforms existing one-stage contour-based methods on the COCO dataset with almost half the design complexity.

Masked image modeling (MIM) performs strongly in pre-training large vision Transformers (ViTs). However, small models that are critical for real-world applications cannot or only marginally benefit from this pre-training approach. In this paper, we explore distillation techniques to transfer the success of large MIM-based pre-trained models to smaller ones. We systematically study different options in the distillation framework, including distilling targets, losses, input, network regularization, sequential distillation, etc, revealing that: 1) Distilling token relations is more effective than CLS token- and feature-based distillation; 2) An intermediate layer of the teacher network as target perform better than that using the last layer when the depth of the student mismatches that of the teacher; 3) Weak regularization is preferred; etc. With these findings, we achieve significant fine-tuning accuracy improvements over the scratch MIM pre-training on ImageNet-1K classification, using all the ViT-Tiny, ViT-Small, and ViT-base models, with +4.2%/+2.4%/+1.4% gains, respectively. Our TinyMIM model of base size achieves 52.2 mIoU in AE20K semantic segmentation, which is +4.1 higher than the MAE baseline. Our TinyMIM model of tiny size achieves 79.6% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-1K image classification, which sets a new record for small vision models of the same size and computation budget. This strong performance suggests an alternative way for developing small vision Transformer models, that is, by exploring better training methods rather than introducing inductive biases into architectures as in most previous works. Code is available at https://github.com/OliverRensu/TinyMIM.

In this paper, we propose a robust 3D detector, named Cross Modal Transformer (CMT), for end-to-end 3D multi-modal detection. Without explicit view transformation, CMT takes the image and point clouds tokens as inputs and directly outputs accurate 3D bounding boxes. The spatial alignment of multi-modal tokens is performed implicitly, by encoding the 3D points into multi-modal features. The core design of CMT is quite simple while its performance is impressive. CMT obtains 73.0% NDS on nuScenes benchmark. Moreover, CMT has a strong robustness even if the LiDAR is missing. Code will be released at https://github.com/junjie18/CMT.

Dataset distillation has emerged as a prominent technique to improve data efficiency when training machine learning models. It encapsulates the knowledge from a large dataset into a smaller synthetic dataset. A model trained on this smaller distilled dataset can attain comparable performance to a model trained on the original training dataset. However, the existing dataset distillation techniques mainly aim at achieving the best trade-off between resource usage efficiency and model utility. The security risks stemming from them have not been explored. This study performs the first backdoor attack against the models trained on the data distilled by dataset distillation models in the image domain. Concretely, we inject triggers into the synthetic data during the distillation procedure rather than during the model training stage, where all previous attacks are performed. We propose two types of backdoor attacks, namely NAIVEATTACK and DOORPING. NAIVEATTACK simply adds triggers to the raw data at the initial distillation phase, while DOORPING iteratively updates the triggers during the entire distillation procedure. We conduct extensive evaluations on multiple datasets, architectures, and dataset distillation techniques. Empirical evaluation shows that NAIVEATTACK achieves decent attack success rate (ASR) scores in some cases, while DOORPING reaches higher ASR scores (close to 1.0) in all cases. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive ablation study to analyze the factors that may affect the attack performance. Finally, we evaluate multiple defense mechanisms against our backdoor attacks and show that our attacks can practically circumvent these defense mechanisms.

Blind image quality assessment (BIQA) remains challenging due to the diversity of distortion and image content variation, which complicate the distortion patterns crossing different scales and aggravate the difficulty of the regression problem for BIQA. However, existing BIQA methods often fail to consider multi-scale distortion patterns and image content, and little research has been done on learning strategies to make the regression model produce better performance. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective Progressive Multi-Task Image Quality Assessment (PMT-IQA) model, which contains a multi-scale feature extraction module (MS) and a progressive multi-task learning module (PMT), to help the model learn complex distortion patterns and better optimize the regression issue to align with the law of human learning process from easy to hard. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed PMT-IQA model, we conduct experiments on four widely used public datasets, and the experimental results indicate that the performance of PMT-IQA is superior to the comparison approaches, and both MS and PMT modules improve the model's performance.

Automatic music generation with artificial intelligence typically requires a large amount of data which is hard to obtain for many less common genres and musical instruments. To tackle this issue, we present ongoing work and preliminary findings on the possibility for deep models to transfer knowledge from language to music, by finetuning large language models pre-trained on a massive text corpus on only hundreds of MIDI files of drum performances. We show that by doing so, one of the largest, state-of-the-art models (GPT3) is capable of generating reasonable drum grooves, while models that are not pre-trained (Transformer) shows no such ability beyond naive repetition. Evaluating generated music is a challenging task, more so is evaluating drum grooves with little precedence in literature. Hence, we propose a tailored structural evaluation method and analyze drum grooves produced by GPT3 compared to those played by human professionals, exposing the strengths and weaknesses of such generation by language-to-music transfer. Our findings suggest that language-to-music transfer learning with large language models is viable and promising.